Fatemeh Bayanfar
Abstract
Objective: Hemodialysis patients suffer many problems including feelings of loneliness, fatigue, and low lifestyle quality. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of online existential consciousness therapy on these patients’ loneliness, fatigue, and lifestyle.
Methods: The research ...
Read More
Objective: Hemodialysis patients suffer many problems including feelings of loneliness, fatigue, and low lifestyle quality. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of online existential consciousness therapy on these patients’ loneliness, fatigue, and lifestyle.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and follow-up design with a control group. The research population was all hemodialysis patients who were referred to the dialysis center of Nikan Hospital in Tehran. Using the convenience sampling method, 30 participants were selected as study samples. Research instruments for collecting data were the Rasel’s Loneliness Questionnaire (1978), the Fick's Fatigue Impact Questionnaire (1944), and the Corona Virus Lifestyle Scale (Ali Akbari Dehkordi, et al., 2020). For the experimental group, ten 90-minutes sessions were performed through Sky-room.
Results: MANCOVA and ANCOVA showed that existential consciousness training reduced the feeling of loneliness in the sub-components of not having a close friend, lack of loneliness, and isolation, but was not effective in the sub-component of sociability. This intervention also reduced the fatigue in the cognitive and social components but did not affect the physical component. It was also effective on the happy lifestyle but did not affect the healthy lifestyle.
Conclusions: Existential consciousness therapy was effective in reducing the loneliness feeling, fatigue impact, and lifestyle changes of hemodialysis patients during home quarantine. Therefore, this method can be used as a new therapeutic approach to reduce the loneliness and fatigue impact caused by hemodialysis and change patients' lifestyles during quarantine in medical centers and psychological services.
Kambiz Kamkari; Mohammad Eskandari
Abstract
Objective: The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019, as an epidemic widespread disease has led people to physical and psychological problems. Recent studies about the psychological effects of COVID-19 have shown that health anxiety and also negative emotions due to the COVID-19 epidemic have influenced ...
Read More
Objective: The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019, as an epidemic widespread disease has led people to physical and psychological problems. Recent studies about the psychological effects of COVID-19 have shown that health anxiety and also negative emotions due to the COVID-19 epidemic have influenced patients’ health both physically and mentally. This study aimed to survey the psychopathology and personality psychopathology profile of cured patients of COVID-19 disease and also the important factors related to the infectious and recovery process of patients in Iran.
Method: The research sample was 30 cured patients of COVID-19 who were selected voluntarily and answered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- 2nd Restructured Form (MMPI-2RF) questionnaire.
Results: The study showed that cured patients of COVID-19 suffered from demoralization, low positive emotions, ideas of persecution, and somatic complaints. The study also showed that cured patients of COVID-19 disease suffered from anxiety and behavioral restricting fears in assessing the patient’s specific problems.
Conclusion: Anxiety, depression, negative emotions, and also low positive emotions are important factors in the infectious and also the recovering process of COVID-19 disease. As the negative emotions and fears are important factors in infectious to COVID-19, self-control, and normality in the psychopathological profile are important factors in recovering process too.
Mahsa Ghaffarzadeh; alinaghi aghdasi
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group therapy of cognitive-behavioral approach on anxiety, stress, and despair of patients with Multiple sclerosis in Tehran.Method: This study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. Twenty patients ...
Read More
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group therapy of cognitive-behavioral approach on anxiety, stress, and despair of patients with Multiple sclerosis in Tehran.Method: This study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. Twenty patients who were referred to the available medical centers were selected as the study samples and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. In this study, Kalmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Covariance tests were used to analyze data through IBM SPSS software.Beck Anxiety Inventory Questionnaire, Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), and Beck's Hopelessness Scale questionnaire were used to collect data.Results: The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of anxiety, stress, and despair with a 95% confidence level. Therefore, three main hypotheses were confirmed and the null hypothesis was rejected. It was found that cognitive-behavior group therapy was effective in reducing anxiety, stress, and despair in patients with MS.Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral group therapy reduced stress, anxiety, and despair in patients with MS and improved their mental health. Therefore, this treatment method can be useful in clinics.
Farzane Hajizadeh; farnaz keshavarzi Arshadi; fariba Hassani.; mitra safa
Abstract
Objective: Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience negative emotions. Considering the importance of these emotions and their significant impact on the mental health of women with HIV, and considering the gap of information in this regard, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness ...
Read More
Objective: Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience negative emotions. Considering the importance of these emotions and their significant impact on the mental health of women with HIV, and considering the gap of information in this regard, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on mindfulness and rumination in women with HIV.
Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest stages and a control group. Sixty women with HIV were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received nine 90-min sessions of compassion-focused therapy, once a week. The instruments used included the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ). Patients in both the experimental and control groups filled out the questionnaires in two stages before and after the intervention.
Results: According to the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), compassion-focused therapy significantly increased the mindfulness dimensions (observing, non-judging, non-reactivity to inner experience) in the experimental group, compared with the control group at post-test (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of rumination-reflection.
Conclusion: It appears that compassion-focused therapy would be effective in increasing the mindfulness dimensions in women with HIV.
narges Tankamani; Majid Saffarinia; Sepideh tamrchi
Abstract
Objective: Health psychology focuses on health promotion and disease prevention. One of the factors that is related to the promotion of mental health is the sense of humor which can be influenced by the components of psychological capital. This study aims to predict the psychological capital dimensions ...
Read More
Objective: Health psychology focuses on health promotion and disease prevention. One of the factors that is related to the promotion of mental health is the sense of humor which can be influenced by the components of psychological capital. This study aims to predict the psychological capital dimensions based on the humor styles among the medical students of Tarbiat Modares University.Method: This study is descriptive correlational and the statistical population consisted of all medical students of Tarbiat Modarres University. The participants of the study were 120 who were selected through volunteer sampling. Data were collected by the Luthans Psychological Capital Inventory and Martin's Humor Style Scale. Data were analyzed through Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.Results: Results showed that self-efficacy and hopefulness have a positive significant relationship with adaptive humor styles, but the relationship between self-efficacy and hopefulness with maladaptive humor styles was negative. Also, there was no significant relationship between resilience and all four humor styles.Conclusion: By strengthening adaptive humor styles, it is possible to increase the psychological capital of students to help their mental health.
Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe; Abbas Abolghasemi; Seyed Mousa Kafi Masouleh
Abstract
Objective: Bodybuilding has attracted a lot of people in recent years, but despite the popularity of using unauthorized and steroid drugs, it has caused many problems for athletes. The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare mental toughness and sense of coherence in natural and steroid ...
Read More
Objective: Bodybuilding has attracted a lot of people in recent years, but despite the popularity of using unauthorized and steroid drugs, it has caused many problems for athletes. The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare mental toughness and sense of coherence in natural and steroid bodybuilders.
Method: This study was a descriptive and causal-comparative study. The statistical population consisted of both natural and steroid bodybuilders in Rasht in 2019 from whom 120 individuals (60 natural bodybuilders and 60 steroid bodybuilders) were selected purposefully who answered the questionnaires of Sheard, Golby & Van Wersch’s (2009) Sports Mental Toughness and Antonovsky’s (1993) Sense of Coherence. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance by SPSS 24 software.
Results: The findings of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the components of mental toughness and sense of coherence in the two groups (P<0.01). Natural bodybuilders had higher levels of Confidence (24.93, P<0.001), Constancy (15.60, P<0.006), Control (14.43, P<0.001), and sense of coherence (21.88, P<0.001) compared to steroid bodybuilders.
Discussion: The results obtained from this research show that the abuse of steroid drugs has a significant impact on the psychological and physical aspects of bodybuilders. For this purpose, it is necessary to prevent possible injuries by providing proper information and providing psychological services to professional athletes.
Abdolmahammad Safari; Jahanshah Mohammadzadeh; Vahid Ahmadi; Shahram Mami
Abstract
Objective: some recent studies suggested the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on stress reduction and perceived stress, leading to the improvement of mental disorders caused by stress. Given that female-headed households are one of the most vulnerable groups of society that ...
Read More
Objective: some recent studies suggested the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on stress reduction and perceived stress, leading to the improvement of mental disorders caused by stress. Given that female-headed households are one of the most vulnerable groups of society that need to be studied, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the reduction of perceived stress and depressive symptoms among this group.
Method: The present study was a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and follow-up phase. The study population consisted of 400 female-headed households aged 25 to 50 years covered by Ilam City Relief Committee. The participants were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The perceived stress and depression symptoms were assessed using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (1983) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (1996), respectively. Mindfulness-based stress reduction program was performed for 8 weeks and all subjects were reassessed after intervention completion.
Results: Both groups had similar characteristics at baseline. The mean preserved stress and depression scores significantly improved in the experimental group after the intervention and at follow-up phase (p<0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in the control group (p=0.49).
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based stress reduction had a positive effect on perceived stress and depressive symptoms in female-headed households. It is also likely that the reduction in stress appraisals can improve psychological well-being and physical health.
Amir Abdolhosseini; Shahram Mami; Vahid Ahmadi
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to model quality of life based on perceived stress and distress tolerance of the elderly in Ilam with the mediating role of hardiness. This applicable study was conducted through descriptive-structural equation modeling.
Method: The statistical population was elderly people ...
Read More
Objective: This study aimed to model quality of life based on perceived stress and distress tolerance of the elderly in Ilam with the mediating role of hardiness. This applicable study was conducted through descriptive-structural equation modeling.
Method: The statistical population was elderly people of Ilam city (N=9496) during 2020. The sample size was calculated at 384 cases using Power-G software (2007). The sample was selected by aim-oriented sampling method based on inclusion criteria in public places of Ilam city. Participants completed the standard questionnaires of the quality of life World Health Organization (1996), Cohen Perceived Stress (1994), Distress Tolerance Scale of Simmons and Gohar (2005), and the Kobasa hardiness Questionnaire (1982). Data was analyzed in SPSS25 and Amos -25 software.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between perceived stress, distress tolerance, and hardiness with the quality of life of the elderly in Ilam city. Similarly, there is a significant relationship between perceived stress and distress tolerance with Hardiness.
Conclusion: The results of the structural equation model showed hardiness has a mediating role in the relationship between quality of life with distress tolerance and perceived stress. They have a total, direct, and indirect effect on variables.
mojtabga aghili; Sara ramrodi
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on goal orientation and feeling of inferiority in individuals with physical-motor disabilities.
Methods: This study utilized a quasi-experimental method. The statistical population consisted of all students ...
Read More
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on goal orientation and feeling of inferiority in individuals with physical-motor disabilities.
Methods: This study utilized a quasi-experimental method. The statistical population consisted of all students with physical-motor disabilities in Kalaleh County (n = 517). Among them, 30 students were selected as a sample using a convenience sampling method. After explaining the purpose of the research and signing the consent form, they were divided into two groups of 15: the experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in eight ACT training sessions (one 60-minute session per week), while the control group just answered pretest and posttest questionnaires. For this purpose, Elliot and McGregor's Achievement Goal Orientations Scale (2001) and Eysenck's Feelings of Inferiority Questionnaire (1976) were used.
Results: The findings indicated the effect of ACT-based training on mastery-approach goal orientation and feeling of inferiority in students with physical-motor disabilities and its effect was reported 0.50. Examining the means showed that the mastery-approach goal orientation increased, and the feeling of inferiority decreased after ACT.
Conclusions: Overall, the findings of this study showed that acceptance and commitment based therapy is It is effective in targeting the goal and feeling inferior in students with physical and motor disabilities.
zeinab Sharifipour Chokami; Arefeh Hamideh Moghadam; Abbas Abolghasemi
Abstract
Objective: According to the importance of health precautions and preventive behaviors against COVID-19, the present study aimed to compare health-related behaviors in individuals with and without COVID-19.
Methods: This study was causal-comparative and descriptive. The sample of the study was 30 persons ...
Read More
Objective: According to the importance of health precautions and preventive behaviors against COVID-19, the present study aimed to compare health-related behaviors in individuals with and without COVID-19.
Methods: This study was causal-comparative and descriptive. The sample of the study was 30 persons with a history of COVID-19 infection and 61 normal individuals who were selected from men and women in Rasht through convenience sampling in 2021. To collect data, the Clark et al.’s Compliance Behaviors Against COVID-19 Questionnaire (2020) was used.
Results: The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there were differences in health-related behaviors among individuals with and without COVID-19. In other words, the mean score of Perceived Invulnerability was higher in individuals with COVID-19 and Health Precautions and Health Importance in them were less than normal individuals.
Conclusions: These findings indicate that there are gaps in health behaviors related to the COVID-19 area and awareness in this area can have a positive effect on the quality of health-related behaviors.
Parvin Mirzaei
Abstract
Objective: Corona disease (COVID-19) is a contagious disease. This disease, with such a global spread, has caused many disorders in people. Among disorders caused by coronavirus, anxiety and depression are the most common ones. One of the ways to deal with depression and anxiety is positive thinking. ...
Read More
Objective: Corona disease (COVID-19) is a contagious disease. This disease, with such a global spread, has caused many disorders in people. Among disorders caused by coronavirus, anxiety and depression are the most common ones. One of the ways to deal with depression and anxiety is positive thinking. Positive thinking is a positive way to focus the mind on something constructive, thus removing negative and destructive thoughts and emotions. Therefore, this research was conducted to reduce anxiety and depression and increase self-efficacy in students who have recovered from the coronavirus.
Method: The research method was semi-experimental with a post-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group, and the target population was students who had recovered from Corona. Of these, 40 people were purposefully selected as samples based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into two groups of 20 people. To collect data from the beginning and before the training, Goldberg's depression questionnaire (1972), Spielberger's test anxiety questionnaire (1983), and Scherer and Mardox's self-efficacy questionnaire (1982) were used. Also, in this research, positive thinking training intervention was administered during 14 one-hour sessions. Covariance and correlation methods were used to analyze data. The correlation between the results of the experimental and control groups in the post-test and pre-test stages and the follow-up phase was obtained and compared with each other.
Results: The results showed that positive thinking training affected self-efficacy (P=0.001), reduced depression (P=0.01), and decreased anxiety (P=0.01) of students who recovered from Coronavirus.
Conclusion: Teaching positive thinking skills has been effective and has increased self-efficacy, reduced anxiety, and reduced depression in patients who have recovered from Corona.
mahnaz etefaghi; Mehrdad Sabet; Khadijeh Abolmaali Alhoseini
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Barlow's transdiagnostic, emotion-focused and mindfulness therapy on moderating the eating behavior of adults with obesity.
Method: The present research project was a semi-experimental with pretest, post test, and follow up with a ...
Read More
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Barlow's transdiagnostic, emotion-focused and mindfulness therapy on moderating the eating behavior of adults with obesity.
Method: The present research project was a semi-experimental with pretest, post test, and follow up with a control group. The statistical population included all people with obesity in Tehran. Sixty people were randomly selected through available sampling method and were assigned to four groups: (1) Barlow's transdiagnostic therapy, (2) emotion- focused therapy, (3) mindfulness-based therapy, and (4) control group. Data were analyzed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in three stages: pre test, post test, and follow up, and were analyzed by mixed-variance analysis.
Results: The research findings showed the within effects significant (P<0.05) regarding emotional, environmental, and restricted eating. Regarding between effects, a significant and constant effectiveness was found in the subscale of emotional and restricted eating in emotion- focused therapy group and in the subscale of environmental eating in mindfulness-based therapy group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Emotion- focused therapy can help people to moderate emotional and restricted eating through emotional experience and making sense of emotions, and mindfulness therapy can help people to moderate environmental eating by helping them focus on the present moment and break repetitive patterns.
Elmira Majedi; Mahdieh Salehi; amin rafiepoor; Afsaneh Ghnbaripanah
Abstract
Objective: Researchers have considered the components of positive psychology as predictors of psychological well-being. This study aimed to investigate the psychological well-being model based on rumination and the meaning of life with the mediating role of post-traumatic growth and resilience in cancer ...
Read More
Objective: Researchers have considered the components of positive psychology as predictors of psychological well-being. This study aimed to investigate the psychological well-being model based on rumination and the meaning of life with the mediating role of post-traumatic growth and resilience in cancer patients.
Method: The present study was conducted by correlation method and structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all the cancer patients referred to hospitals in Tehran in 2020, among whom 300 individuals (218 women and 82 men) were selected by purposive sampling. Participants received psychological well-being questionnaires, rumination-reflection, the meaning of life, post-traumatic growth, and resilience.
Results: Findings demonstrated that this model fits well in cancer patients, and the relationship between mediating variables with endogenous and exogenous variables was significant (df2c =2.14, GFI=0.92, and CFI= 0.93 and RMSEA =0.05, P=0.01). The variables studied by the model explained 51% of the psychological well-being variance in these patients. Conclusion: The Psychological well-being of cancer patients is affected by variables related to positive psychology such as the meaning of life, post-traumatic growth, and resilience. Rumination, if leading to meaning-making and post-traumatic growth, can potentially positively affect psychological well-being.
Zabihollah KavehFarsani; mehdi Omidian
Abstract
Objective: One of the most important social factors that have been constantly identified as a predictor of healthy aging is marriage satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of social support on marital satisfaction with mediating role of emotional loneliness ...
Read More
Objective: One of the most important social factors that have been constantly identified as a predictor of healthy aging is marriage satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of social support on marital satisfaction with mediating role of emotional loneliness and physical activity.
Method: This study was descriptive and correlational based on structural equations. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly in the care centers of Shahrekord and Farsan in 2019, among whom 180 individuals were randomly selected as participants. Then the subjects completed research instruments, including Relationship Assessment scale (Hendrick, 1998), Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet, et al., 1988), Adult’s Social and Emotional Loneliness scale (DiTommasso, et al., 2004), and Leisure-time Activities Scale (Godin, 1985). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used through SPSS (version 23) and AMOS (version 23) to analyze data.
Findings: The results demonstrated direct effect of social support, emotional loneliness and physical activity on marital satisfaction (p <0.001) and indirect effect of perceived social support on marital satisfaction through emotional loneliness and physical activity (p <.05).
Conclusion: The SEM results of the current study supported the proposed model explaining the interrelationships between perceived social support, loneliness, physical activity, and marital satisfaction. The findings of the present study suggest the authorities to pay more attention to the factors of social support, emotional loneliness and physical activity in order to improve the marital relationships of the elderly. The findings of this study can help psychologists and other caretakers create more effective family matter programs for the older generations to enhance their marital satisfaction.
maryam hajilou; Hasan Ahadi; mohammadreza seirafi; saeed shahbeigi
Abstract
Objective: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and disabling disease. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on the resilience of patients with multiple sclerosis.
Method: This research was a quasi-experimental design ...
Read More
Objective: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and disabling disease. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on the resilience of patients with multiple sclerosis.
Method: This research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population included female patients with MS referred to the Dr. Shahbigi Neurology Clinic in Tehran. The participants were 30 patients who were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to the two experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent ten sessions of stress management training based on the Cognitive Behavioral Model. Data were collected using the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale. Research data were analyzed using Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA.
Results: The results revealed that cognitive-behavioral stress management training could significantly enhance the resilience of patients with MS.
Conclusion: Therefore, the use of cognitive-behavioral stress management training could be effective in improving the resilience of patients with MS.
Razieh Kamal; Razieh Rahmani; Hoda Nadaf Shargh
Abstract
Objective: While previous research studies primarily focused on younger populations, this study compared the relationship between Instagram use and the mental health of both young and older women who were quarantined because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method: Data were collected using Google Form from ...
Read More
Objective: While previous research studies primarily focused on younger populations, this study compared the relationship between Instagram use and the mental health of both young and older women who were quarantined because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method: Data were collected using Google Form from March 1 to May 5, 2020. A total of 389 women from Mashhad City in Iran participated in the study and completed a questionnaire regarding their daily Instagram usage and a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).
Results: Older users’ daily Instagram use was not significantly different from that of younger users [t (382) = 0.98, p = 0.33]. Furthermore, results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between daily Instagram use and young users’ mental health levels [r (352) = 0.23, p=0.00]. Finally, there was no significant correlation between daily Instagram use and old users’ mental health levels [r (28) = -0.20, p = 0.28].
Conclusion: The findings advance an understanding of Instagram use among younger and older adults and highlight the correlation between Instagram use and mental health. The results can inform future technological interventions that are designed to help younger and older adults who may have better access to social benefits via SNS platforms, particularly in specific circumstances, such as those brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Masoumeh Kazemi; Mojgan Agah heris; Mohammad Jalali; ezatolah kordmirza nikoozade
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation in improving the anxiety components of women with chest pain. Method: The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group, and a three-month follow-up. ...
Read More
Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation in improving the anxiety components of women with chest pain. Method: The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group, and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with chest pain in Karaj city in 2021. using a purposeful sampling method, 60 patients with chest pain in Shahid Rajaei Hospital were selected and randomly assigned into three groups autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation training, and control group. Autogenic training was provided in twelve 90-minute sessions, and progressive muscle relaxation intervention was administered in eight 2-hour sessions. Beck's (1988) anxiety questionnaires, Tylor & Cox (1998) revised anxiety sensitivity, and Rapee, et al (1996) perception of anxiety control was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis and post hoc test methods. Results: The results showed that autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation alone have been effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, anxiety sensitivity and perception of anxiety control and autogenic training was more effective in improving anxiety components compared to progressive muscle relaxation (p<0.05).Conclusion: Considering the greater effectiveness of autogenic training on the anxiety components, it is suggested that relevant experts use this intervention to reduce the anxiety of patients with chest pain.
