review
asie eftekhari
Abstract
Objective: Pathogen disgust has evolved as a psychological adaptation in response to the avoidance of disease-causing organisms. Recently, evolutionary social psychologists have proposed the existence of a behavioral immune system that has evolved to avoid pathogens as a psychological adaptation. However, ...
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Objective: Pathogen disgust has evolved as a psychological adaptation in response to the avoidance of disease-causing organisms. Recently, evolutionary social psychologists have proposed the existence of a behavioral immune system that has evolved to avoid pathogens as a psychological adaptation. However, researchers claim that the concept of a behavioral immune system is not the same as pathogen avoidance. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to investigate whether the behavioral immune system is the same as the pathogen avoidance system or has a broader meaning.
Method: Using the Google Scholar database, keywords such as disease avoidance, pathogen disgust, and the behavioral immune system were searched. PubMed for the behavioral immune system, system over perception disease cues, and disease over perception bias was investigated as well. All-time periods were used for this review study and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted according to the criteria.
Results: The findings show that there are three main mechanisms involved in the behavioral immune system. This system includes emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms. Therefore, the results showed that the behavioral immune system has a broader meaning than the pathogen avoidance system.
Conclusion: Research on physiological correlations with emotional experiences shows that disgust is evoked in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of the autonomic nervous system and neural activity. However little is known about the functional connections between anatomical structures, neurochemical processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena that are the manifestations of the behavioral immune system, and more studies are needed in this area.
research
lancy Dsouza; mojtabga aghili; zeynab nasiri; arezou asghari
Abstract
Objective: Drug addiction is one of the four worldwide crises of the third millennium, at the forefront of risks and societal ills, and one of the most severe challenges confronting today's societies, particularly ours. The purpose of this research was to assess the efficacy of mindfulness on drug craving, ...
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Objective: Drug addiction is one of the four worldwide crises of the third millennium, at the forefront of risks and societal ills, and one of the most severe challenges confronting today's societies, particularly ours. The purpose of this research was to assess the efficacy of mindfulness on drug craving, stress, and cortisol levels in Mashhad-based males who used crystal meth.
Method: Pre- and post-tests with a control group were the sort of quasi-experimental study used. The statistical population comprised all males who used crystal meth, which was sent to the Ofogh Rah-e Sabz addiction treatment clinics in Mashhad, from which 30 participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups using convenience sampling methods (15 people in each group). They answered the Holmes and Rahe stress questionnaire in addition to the Somoza et al. cravings questionnaire. And their urine was examined to determine cortisol levels. The experimental group got eight sessions of mindfulness treatment, whereas the control group received no treatment. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to examine the research data.
Results: The findings indicated that mindfulness lowered cravings, stress and cortisol levels (p<0/001).
Conclusion: According to the results, mindfulness-based interventions may be utilized with medical therapy for methamphetamine addicts.
research
zahra GHassemi; Shahram Vahedi; Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei; Marizyeh Alivandi vafa
Abstract
Objective: Obesity is one of the risk factors for various diseases as well as mortality and women suffer from it more than men. Therefore, this study was conducted to design and evaluate the effectiveness of bioenergy economy intervention on self-compassion, self-efficacy, and weight loss in women with ...
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Objective: Obesity is one of the risk factors for various diseases as well as mortality and women suffer from it more than men. Therefore, this study was conducted to design and evaluate the effectiveness of bioenergy economy intervention on self-compassion, self-efficacy, and weight loss in women with obesity.
Methods: The design of the present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control groups. The statistical population of the study included obese people who were referred to psychological counselling centres and nutrition clinics in Tehran in the spring and summer of 2019. Fifty obese women were selected by convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The Self-compassion scales of Neff and self-efficacy questionnaires of Scherer et al. were used to collect data. The weight and body mass index of participants were also calculated. Based on instructions of the bioenergy economy protocol of the American University of Medical Energy, a special training package for obesity was designed and was provided to the intervention group during 8 sessions of 120 minutes for 8 weeks. Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance using SPSS software version 24.
Results: The results showed the effectiveness of the bioenergy economy on self-compassion and self-efficacy (P<0.01).
Conclusion: With this description, it can be claimed that effective interventions such as bioenergy economy can be used to increase the health and self-care of people with obesity to prevent the destructive effects of obesity and its complications.
research
fatemeh Alavi asil; khadije Abolmaali alhoseyni; Simin Bashar doust
Abstract
Objective: One of the basic human needs that plays a vital role in sustainable development is mental health. In the digital age, Internet addiction is a threat to mental health. So this study aimed at validating the treatment entry questionnaire for Tehran University students in 2019.
Method: Participants ...
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Objective: One of the basic human needs that plays a vital role in sustainable development is mental health. In the digital age, Internet addiction is a threat to mental health. So this study aimed at validating the treatment entry questionnaire for Tehran University students in 2019.
Method: Participants were 324 undergraduate and postgraduate students of public universities in Tehran, who were selected through one-step cluster random sampling. All participants completed the Urbanoski and Wild’s (2012) Treatment Entry Questionnaire, the Miler and Tonigan (1996) Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, and the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire.
Results: Data were analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis model. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data showed that the three-factor structure of the identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation has a good fit, and the validity of the scale was confirmed by face and content validity. Convergent validity evidence confirmed the positive relationship between identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation with subscales of recognition, taking the step, and ambivalence of the Readiness for Change and Treatment Motivation scale. Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess the reliability of the whole scale (0.95) and each subscale of identified motivation (0.94), intrinsic motivation (0.89), and extrinsic motivation (0.86).
Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the treatment entry scale for the student population has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in psychological research.
research
Mansour Fathi; Maryam Abbasi; Maryam Khakrangin
Abstract
Objective: Although HIV-infected women in Iran face many problems, research in this area is limited. This research aims to understand and deeply comprehend the issues and challenges HIV-infected women encounter.
Method: Qualitative research method and content analysis were applied in this study. The ...
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Objective: Although HIV-infected women in Iran face many problems, research in this area is limited. This research aims to understand and deeply comprehend the issues and challenges HIV-infected women encounter.
Method: Qualitative research method and content analysis were applied in this study. The participants of the research were HIV-infected women referred to three Supportive Health Centers in Tehran. Among them, 17 participants were selected through the convenience sampling method. The data collection technique was a semi-structured in-depth interview. The collected data were coded and interpreted using thematic analysis.
Results: The results of the interview analysis revealed six categories of "social exclusion", "job problems", "social phobia caused by stigma", "mental problems", "treatment problems", and “coping mechanisms”.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that HIV-infected women face many challenges in their individual and social life for social integration and reducing their problems; besides, individual empowerment, structural, and social interventions are also essential. The results of this study can be used in policy-making, the presentation of supportive programs, and social services for HIV-infected women and their families.
research
Farzane Hajizadeh; farnaz keshavarzi Arshadi; fariba Hassani.; mitra safa
Abstract
Objective: Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience negative emotions. Considering the importance of these emotions and their significant impact on the mental health of women with HIV, and considering the gap of information in this regard, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness ...
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Objective: Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience negative emotions. Considering the importance of these emotions and their significant impact on the mental health of women with HIV, and considering the gap of information in this regard, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on mindfulness and rumination in women with HIV.
Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest stages and a control group. Sixty women with HIV were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received nine 90-min sessions of compassion-focused therapy, once a week. The instruments used included the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ). Patients in both the experimental and control groups filled out the questionnaires in two stages before and after the intervention.
Results: According to the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), compassion-focused therapy significantly increased the mindfulness dimensions (observing, non-judging, non-reactivity to inner experience) in the experimental group, compared with the control group at post-test (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of rumination-reflection.
Conclusion: It appears that compassion-focused therapy would be effective in increasing the mindfulness dimensions in women with HIV.
research
Elmira Majedi; Mahdieh Salehi; amin rafiepoor; Afsaneh Ghnbaripanah
Abstract
Objective: Researchers have considered the components of positive psychology as predictors of psychological well-being. This study aimed to investigate the psychological well-being model based on rumination and the meaning of life with the mediating role of post-traumatic growth and resilience in cancer ...
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Objective: Researchers have considered the components of positive psychology as predictors of psychological well-being. This study aimed to investigate the psychological well-being model based on rumination and the meaning of life with the mediating role of post-traumatic growth and resilience in cancer patients.
Method: The present study was conducted by correlation method and structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all the cancer patients referred to hospitals in Tehran in 2020, among whom 300 individuals (218 women and 82 men) were selected by purposive sampling. Participants received psychological well-being questionnaires, rumination-reflection, the meaning of life, post-traumatic growth, and resilience.
Results: Findings demonstrated that this model fits well in cancer patients, and the relationship between mediating variables with endogenous and exogenous variables was significant (df2c =2.14, GFI=0.92, and CFI= 0.93 and RMSEA =0.05, P=0.01). The variables studied by the model explained 51% of the psychological well-being variance in these patients. Conclusion: The Psychological well-being of cancer patients is affected by variables related to positive psychology such as the meaning of life, post-traumatic growth, and resilience. Rumination, if leading to meaning-making and post-traumatic growth, can potentially positively affect psychological well-being.
