Document Type : research
Author
Psychology Department, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
Abstract
Objective: The Coronavirus not only affects physical health but also the outbreak of this virus can have devastating psychological effects. To treat and diagnose, these impacts should be identified. This study investigatied the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between self-compassion and psychological capital with corona anxiety.
Method: The research method was correlational with path analysis. The population of this study included all undergraduate students of Poldokhtar Higher Education Center (450 students) who were studying in the academic year 2020-2021. The sample of the study consisted of 210 male students who answered the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS; Alipour & et al., 2020), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ; Luthans et al., 2007), and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1983) electronically. Casual modeling was used to analyze data.
Results: The results showed that the proposed model has a good fit with the data of this study (RMSEA = 0.001, GFI = 1.00, AGFI = 0.98, CFI = 1.00). The results showed that the psychological capital had a direct effect on corona anxiety (β = -0.16, p<0.05), but self-compassion did not have a positive effect on corona anxiety (p>0.05). Self-compassion had a positive effect on empathy (β = 0.32, p<0/01); but psychological capital did not affect empathy (p>0/05) directly. Also, empathy positively affected corona anxiety (β = -0.29, p<0/01). Indirect pathway results showed that only self-compassion mediated by empathy could reduce corona anxiety (p<0/01).
Conclusions: According to the results, students with higher psychological capital and empathy experience less corona anxiety, and on the other hand, the more self-compassion increases, the more empathy improves, which results in a decrease in corona anxiety. Therefore, through education and promotion of self-compassion, empathy can be increased and the severity of corona anxiety in students can be reduced.
Keywords
Article Title [Persian]
رابطه علّی شفقت به خود و سرمایه روانشناختی با اضطراب کرونا: نقش واسطه‌ای همدلی
Author [Persian]
- هوشنگ گراوند
گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.
Abstract [Persian]
مقدمه: ویروس کرونا نه تنها سلامت جسمی را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد، بلکه شیوع این ویروس می تواند اثرات روانی مخربی نیز داشته باشد. برای درمان و تشخیص، این اثرات باید شناسایی شوند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی نقش میانجی همدلی در رابطه بین شفقت‌به‌خود و سرمایه روانشناختی با اضطراب کرونا انجام شد. روش: روش پژوهش، همبستگی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه‌ی این پژوهش شامل تمامی دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی مرکز آموزش عالی پلدختر در سال تحصیلی 400-1399 بود. 210 دانشجو به صورت آنلاین در این مطالعه شرکت کردند و به مقیاس اضطراب بیماری کرونا ویروس، شاخص واکنش‌پذیری بین‌فردی، پرسش‌نامه سرمایه روانشناختی و مقیاس شفقت‌به‌خود پاسخ دادند. تحلیل داده‌ها به روش آماری تحلیل مسیر و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS-22 و AMOS-24 انجام شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد سرمایه روانشناختی دارای اثر مستقیم بر اضطراب کرونا بود (01/0>p)؛ اما شفقت‌به‌خود بر اضطراب کرونا اثر مستقیم نداشت (05/0<p). شفقت‌به‌خود دارای اثر مستقیم بر همدلی بود (01/0>p)؛ اما سرمایه روانشناختی بر همدلی اثر مستقیم نداشتند. نتایج غیرمستقیم مسیرها نشان داد که فقط شفقت‌به‌خود با میانجی‌گری همدلی می‌تواند از میزان اضطراب کرونا بکاهد. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، دانشجویانی که سرمایه روانشناختی و همدلی بالاتری دارند، اضطراب کرونا را با شدت کمتری تجربه می‌کنند و از دیگر سو، هر چه خودشفقتی افزایش یابد، همدلی نیز ارتقاء می‌یابد که نتیجه آن کاهش اضطراب کرونا می‌باشد. لذا می‌توان از طریق آموزش و ارتقاء شفقت‌به‌خود، همدلی را افزایش داده و از شدت اضطراب کرونا در دانشجویان کاست.
Keywords [Persian]
- شفقت‌به‌خود
- سرمایه روانشناختی
- همدلی
- اضطراب کرونا
- سلامت
Alipour, A., Ghadami, A., Alipour, Z., & Abdollahzadeh, H. (2020). Preliminary validation of the corona disease anxiety scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology, 8(32), 163-175.
Arora, S., Chaudhary, P., & Singh, R. K. (2021). Impact of coronavirus and online exam anxiety on self-efficacy: the moderating role of coping strategy. Interactive Technology and Smart Education. 18(3), 475-492.
Aucejo, E. M., French, J., Araya, M. P. U., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 1-16.
Azad Manjiri, M., & Namani, E. (2020). The Moderating Effect of Empathy on the Relation Psychological Capital with Depression and Anxiety among Nurses. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 27(3), 463-473.
Bahmani, A. (2021). The effect of psychological capital on resilience in nurses in coronavirus pandemic: The mediating role of empathy. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 23(5), 406-417.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2018). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? In Self-regulation and self-control (pp. 16-44): Routledge.
Bayat, A. (2019). Explaining the Relationship between Dimensions of Psychological Capital and Components of Emotional Empathy by the Mediation of Aesthetic Intelligence. Journal of psychologicalscience, 18(74), 171-180.
Beato, A. F., da Costa, L. P., & Nogueira, R. (2021). “Everything Is Gonna Be Alright with Me”: The Role of Self-Compassion, Affect, and Coping in Negative Emotional Symptoms during Coronavirus Quarantine. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042017
Blanco, C., Okuda, M., Wright, C., Hasin, D. S., Grant, B. F., Liu, S.-M., & Olfson, M. (2008). Mental health of college students and their non–college-attending peers: results from the national epidemiologic study on alcohol and related conditions. Archives of general psychiatry, 65(12), 1429-1437.
Boehning, M. (2021). Exploring Self-Compassion and the Impact of Covid-19 on College Students. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville,
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
Brown, L., Huffman, J. C., & Bryant, C. (2019). Self-compassionate aging: A systematic review. The Gerontologist, 59(4), 311-324.
Burrell, C. J., Howard, C. R., & Murphy, F. A. (2016). Fenner and White's medical virology: Academic Press.
Chakraborty, N. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic and its impact on mental health. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 24(2), 21-24.
Chen, X., Liu, T., Li, P., Wei, W., & Chao, M. (2020). The relationship between media involvement and death anxiety of self-quarantined people in the covid-19 outbreak in china: the mediating roles of empathy and sympathy. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 0030222820960283.
Chow, C. M., Ruhl, H., & Buhrmester, D. (2013). The mediating role of interpersonal competence between adolescents' empathy and friendship quality: A dyadic approach. Journal of adolescence, 36(1), 191-200.
Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental psychology, 32(6), 988-998.
Cuff, B. M., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion review, 8(2), 144-153.
Daltry, R. M., Mehr, K. E., Sauers, L., & Silbert, J. (2018). Examining the Relationship between Empathy for Others and Self-Compassion in College Students. Educational Research and Reviews, 13(17), 617-621.
Davanloo, H. (2001). Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy: extended major direct access to the unconscious. European Psychotherapy, 2(2), 25-70.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 44(1), 113-126.
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews, 3(2), 71-100.
Dongmei, L. (2020). Influence of the Youth’s Psychological Capital on Social Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: The Mediating Role of Coping Style. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(11), 2060-2068.
Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The lancet psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302.
Farhadi, S., & Gholamnazari, H. (2021). The prediction of the psychological burden of Coronavirus on women in the family during the quarantine: The role of problem-solving styles and psychological capital. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 2(1), 46-64.
Feizabadi, Z., Farzad, V., & Shahraray, M. (2007). Investigating the relationships between empathy, identity styles and commitment in humanities and technical-engineering students. Journal of psychological studies, 3(2), 65-90.
Fernµndez, A., Dufey, M., & Kramp, U. (2011). Testing the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) in Chile. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 179-185.
Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455-1473.
Fitria, D., Mustikasari, M., & Panjaitan, R. U. (2020). The psychological capital and anxiety felt by post-market fire disaster victims. Jurnal Ners, 15(1), 1-6.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American psychologist, 55(6), 647-254.
Forohar, M., Hovida, R., & Jamshidian, R. (2012). Psychological capital and intraprunership among faculty members. Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 2(8), 83-100.
Gilet, A.-L., Mella, N., Studer, J., Grühn, D., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2013). Assessing dispositional empathy in adults: A French validation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 45(1), 42-48.
Grignoli, N., Petrocchi, S., Bernardi, S., Massari, I., Traber, R., Malacrida, R., & Gabutti, L. (2020). Influence of empathy disposition and risk perception on the psychological impact of lockdown during the coronavirus disease pandemic outbreak. Frontiers in Public Health, 1050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.567337.
Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Fanjul, L. F., Díaz-Megolla, A., Reyes-Hurtado, P., Herrera-Rodríguez, J. F., Enjuto-Castellanos, M. D. P., & Peñate, W. (2021). Covid-19 lockdown and mental health in a sample population in spain: the role of self-compassion. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 2103 ; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042103.
Hagger, M. S., Keech, J. J., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Managing stress during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and beyond: Reappraisal and mindset approaches. Stress and Health, 10.1002/smi.2969.
Haut, K. M., Dodell-Feder, D., Guty, E., Nahum, M., & Hooker, C. I. (2019). Change in objective measure of empathic accuracy following social cognitive training. Frontiers in psychiatry,10 :894. 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00894.
Hickey, C. (2018). Understanding Davanloo's Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Guide for Clinicians: Routledge.
Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 49(1), 1-3.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of general psychology, 6(4), 307-324.
Hofmeyer, A., & Taylor, R. (2021). Strategies and resources for nurse leaders to use to lead with empathy and prudence so they understand and address sources of anxiety among nurses practising in the era of COVID‐19. Journal of clinical nursing, 30(1-2), 298-305.
Hope, N., Koestner, R., & Milyavskaya, M. (2014). The role of self-compassion in goal pursuit and well-being among university freshmen. Self and identity, 13(5), 579-593.
Hu, Y., Ye, B., & Im, H. (2021). Hope and post-stress growth during COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of perceived stress and the moderating role of empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 178, 110831.
Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018). Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self‐ compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: A systematic review. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 10(2), 215-235.
Jansen, P. (2021). Self-compassion and repetitive thinking in relation to depressive mood and fear of the future. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 51(2), 232-236.
Játiva, R., & Cerezo, M. A. (2014). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between victimization and psychological maladjustment in a sample of adolescents. Child abuse & neglect, 38(7), 1180-1190.
Jiang, Y. (2021). Mobile Social Media Usage and Anxiety among University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and the Moderating Role of Academic Burnout. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 76.
Jin, J., Li, H., Song, W., Jiang, N., Zhao, W., & Wen, D. (2020). The mediating role of psychological capital on the relation between distress and empathy of medical residents: a cross-sectional survey. Medical education online, 25(1), 1710326.
Kahlon, M. K., Aksan, N., Aubrey, R., Clark, N., Cowley-Morillo, M., Jacobs, E. A., . . . Tomlinson, S. (2021). Effect of layperson-delivered, empathy-focused program of telephone calls on loneliness, depression, and anxiety among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 78 (6), 616-622.
Khosrojerdi, Z., & Pakdaman, S. (2022). Adolescents Corona Anxiety: The Relationship between Character Strengths and Family Social Support. Iranian Journal of Health Psychology, 5(1), 49-56.
Kingsbury, E. (2009). The relationship between empathy and mindfulness: Understanding the role of self-compassion: ProQuest Information & Learning.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications.
Krasikova, D. V., Lester, P. B., & Harms, P. D. (2015). Effects of psychological capital on mental health and substance abuse. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22(3), 280-291.
Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death studies, 44(7), 393-401.
Liu, L., Pang, R., Sun, W., Wu, M., Qu, P., Lu, C., & Wang, L. (2013). Functional social support, psychological capital, and depressive and anxiety symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS employed full-time. BMC psychiatry, 13(1), 1-10.
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., . . . Wang, Y. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry research, 287, 112921.
Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., et al. (2010). Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. NeuroImage, 49(2), 1849-1856.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge (Vol. 198): Oxford University Press Oxford.
Ma, X., & Wang, X. (2021). The role of empathy in the mechanism linking parental psychological control to emotional reactivities to COVID-19 pandemic: A pilot study among Chinese emerging adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110399.
Maner, J. K., & Gailliot, M. T. (2007). Altruism and egoism: Prosocial motivations for helping depend on relationship context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 347-358.
Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W. Y., & MacBeth, A. (2017). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 9, 1011–1027.
Mirghaffari, S., & Nikoogoftar, M. (2020). The Relationship of Social Health and Parents' Psychological Capital with Adolescents' Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Empathy. Journal of Developmental Psychology Iranian Psychologists, 17 (65), 95-107.
Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102076.
Mohammadpour, M., Ghorbani, V., Khoramnia, S., Ahmadi, S. M., Ghvami, M., & Maleki, M. (2020). Anxiety, self-compassion, gender differences and COVID-19: predicting self-care behaviors and fear of COVID-19 based on anxiety and self-compassion with an emphasis on gender differences. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(3), 213-219.
Mubarak, N., Safdar, S., Faiz, S., Khan, J., & Jaafar, M. (2021). Impact of public health education on undue fear of COVID‐19 among nurses: The mediating role of psychological capital. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(2), 544-552.
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological bulletin, 126(2), 247-259.
Naderi, H., Salarian, F., Eslami, M., & Asadolah Zadeh, P. (2020). Presentation of a model for the impact of psychological capital, life satisfaction, empathy, feelings of guilt and shame with self-reverence among students of Payame Noor Sari. Educational researches, 15(61), 193-220.
Neely, M. E., Schallert, D. L., Mohammed, S. S., Roberts, R. M., & Chen, Y.-J. (2009). Self-kindness when facing stress: The role of self-compassion, goal regulation, and support in college students’ well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 33(1), 88-97.
Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity, 2(2), 85-101.
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and identity, 12(2), 160-176.
Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and identity, 12(2), 160-176.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of research in personality, 41(1), 139-154.
Organization, W. H. (2021). Annex to Infection prevention and control during health care when coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is suspected or confirmed: interim guidance, 1 October 2021. Retrieved from
Pourkhalili, S., Sadeghi Chookami, E., & Abolghasemi, A. (2022). Coronavirus Anxiety: The Predictive Role of Perfectionism and Self-compassion. Iranian Journal of Health Psychology, 5(1), 19-30.
Quílez-Robres, A., Lozano-Blasco, R., Íñiguez-Berrozpe, T., & Cortés-Pascual, A. (2021). Social, family, and educational impacts on anxiety and cognitive empathy derived from the COVID-19: study on families with children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 562800.
Rahimnia, F., Mazidi, A., & Mohammadzadeh, Z. (2013). Emotional mediators of psychological capital on well-being: The role of stress, anxiety, and depression. Management Science Letters, 3(3), 913-926.
Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102083.
Sahu, P. (2020). Closure of universities due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus, 12(4), 1-6.
Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338.
Schreiter, S., Pijnenborg, G., & Aan Het Rot, M. (2013). Empathy in adults with clinical or subclinical depressive symptoms. Journal of affective disorders, 150(1), 1-16.
Sedaghati Kesbakhi, M., Rohani, C., Mohtashami, J., & Nasiri, M. (2017). Validity and reliability of the Jefferson scale of empathy, nursing student version R in a sample of Iranian oncology nurses. Nurs Midwifery Stud, 6(2), e39505.
Shacham, M., Hamama-Raz, Y., Kolerman, R., Mijiritsky, O., Ben-Ezra, M., & Mijiritsky, E. (2020). COVID-19 factors and psychological factors associated with elevated psychological distress among dentists and dental hygienists in Israel. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8), 2900 ; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082900
Shen, X., Yang, Y.-L., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, S., & Wang, L. (2014). The association between occupational stress and depressive symptoms and the mediating role of psychological capital among Chinese university teachers: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1-8.
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social indicators research, 117(2), 561-576.
Simsek, E., & Sali, J. B. (2014). The Role of Internet Addiction and Social Media Membership on University Students' Psychological Capital. Contemporary Educational Technology, 5(3), 239-256.
Thoits, P. A. (1994). Stressors and problem-solving: The individual as psychological activist. Journal of health and social behavior, 35 (2),143-160.
Urgan, S., Atar, A., & Erdogan, P. (2020). The Relationship between Working Anxiety, Stress and Depression with Positive Psychological Capital at 2020 Covid-19 World Pandemic. Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences, 1 (1),441-472.
Vossen, H. G., Piotrowski, J. T., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2015). Development of the adolescent measure of empathy and sympathy (AMES). Personality and individual Differences, 74, 66-71.
Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2014). Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(1), 54-65.
Wu, S., Xu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. (2019). Relationship among psychological capital, coping style and anxiety of Chinese college students. Rivista di psichiatria, 54(6), 264-268.
Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The lancet psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229.
Xiao, C. (2020). A novel approach of consultation on 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-related psychological and mental problems: structured letter therapy. Psychiatry investigation, 17(2), 175-176.
Xiong, J., Hai, M., Wang, J., Li, Y., & Jiang, G. (2020). Cumulative risk and mental health in Chinese adolescents: The moderating role of psychological capital. School psychology international, 41(5), 409-429.
Yaghoubi, S., & Akrami, N. (2016). Role of Self-Compassion in Prediction of Forgiveness and Empathy in Young Adults. Positive Psychology Research, 2(3), 35-48.
Yang, Q. (2016). College Students’ Pressure and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediator of Psychological Capital and the Moderator of Social Support. Sichuan: SiChuan Normal University. Helth Psychology, 2 (6)-12-19.
Yarnell, L. M., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity, 12(2), 146-159.
Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self‐compassion and well‐being: A meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 7(3), 340-364.
)