In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Health Psychology

Document Type : research

Author

Abstract

Objective: Fear of Covid 19 is one of the topics that human beings experienced in 2019 that threatened the individuals’ physical health and life, increased their stress, and triggers a wide range of psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. In the present study, the role of positivity and intolerance of uncertainty in the fear of developing Covid 19 was investigated.  
Method: The study population included all the boy and girl university students studying in psychology, educational sciences, and counseling at Payame Noor University, Khuzestan Province. Among them, 269 students were voluntarily selected through the social network WhatsApp. The study method is correlational. The data were gathered with the assistance of positivism, uncertainty intolerance, and fear of Covid-19 questionnaires. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.
Result: The results of regression analysis indicated that positivism and intolerance of uncertainty are predictors of fear of Covid-19 that account for 16% of the variance of fear of Covid-19 (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The present study indicates that in order to reduce the fear of Covid-19, shifting from the negative attitude to the positive attitude and intolerance of uncertainty to the tolerance of uncertainty is necessary.

Keywords

Article Title [Persian]

نقش مثبت گرایی و تحمل ناپذیری عدم قطعیت در ترس از ابتلا به کوید19در بین دانشجویان

Author [Persian]

  • کریم سواری

Abstract [Persian]

مقدمه : ترس از ابتلا به کووید 19 یکی از موضوعاتی است که بشر در سال 2019 آن را تجربه نمود بطوریکه سلامت جسمی و زندگی افراد را تهدید، میزان استرس آنها را افزایش و طیف وسیعی از مشکلات روانی مانند اضطراب و افسردگی را تحریک می کند.
روش : در تحقیق حاضر نقش مثبت گرایی و تحمل ناپذیری عدم قطعیت در ترس از ابتلا به کوید 19 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر کلیه دانشجویان دختر و پسر رشته های روان شناسی، علوم تربیتی و مشاوره دانشگاه های پیام نور استان خوزستان بودند که 269 نفر از آنان به صورت داوطلبانه و از طریق شبکه اجتماعی واتس آپ انتخاب شدند. روش تحقیق همبستگی است. داده ها با کمک پرسش نامه های مثبت گرایی، تحمل ناپذیری عدم قطعیت و ترس از ابتلا به کوید 19 جمع آوری گردید. برای تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده گردید.
نتیجه گیری: تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که مثبت گرایی و تحمل ناپذیری عدم قطعیت، از پیش بین کننده های ترس از ابتلا به کووید 19 بشمار می روند و 16 درصد واریانس ترس از ابتلا به کووید 19 را تبیین می کنند. تحقیق حاضر به متولیان امر پیشنهاد می دهد لازمه کاهش افکار ابتلا به کووید 19 تغییر نگرش منفی به نگرش مثبت و تحمل ناپذیری عدم قطعیت به تحمل عدم قطعیت ضروری است.

Keywords [Persian]

  • ترس از کووید 19
  • مثبت گرایی
  • تحمل ناپذیری
  • عدم قطعیت
  • سلامت
Alipour, A., Ghadami, A., Alipour, Z., & Abdollahzadeh, H. (2020). Preliminary validation of the Corona disease anxiety scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology, 8 (32), 163- 175.
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, 102196.
Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 and positivity: mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y.
Barbisch, D., Koenig, K., and Shih, F. (2015). Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Dis. Med. Pub. Health Prepar. 9, 547–553.
Bitan, D. T., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research, 289,113100.
Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931–946.
Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Trommsdorff, G., Heikamp, T., Yamaguchi, S., & Suzuki, F. (2012). Positive orientation across countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43 (1), 77–83.
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. A., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: ashort version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 105–117.
Carleton, R. N., Sharpe, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Anxiety sensivity and intolerance of uncertainity: Requisites of the fundamental fears? Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 2307–2316.
Chang, K.C., Hou, W. L., Pakpour, A.H., Lin, C. Y., & Griffiths, M.D. (2020). Psychometric testing of threeCOVID-19-related scales among people with mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00361-6.
Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125 (2), 276–302.
Doshi, D., Karunakar, P., Sukhabogi, J. R., Prasanna, J. S., & Mahajan, S. V. (2020). Assessing corona virus fear inIndian population using the fear of Covid-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00332-x.
Dozois, D. J. A., Wilde, J. L., & Frewen, P. A. (2019). In: D. J. A. Dozois (Ed.), Abnormal psychology perspectives (pp. 95–125). Pearson.
Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating narrow specificity in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Theraphy and Research, 25, 551–558.
Fiorillo, A., & Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry, 63 (1), e32.
Fredrickson, B. (2009). Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. New York: Random House.
Ghosh, R., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., & Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on children: Special focus on psychosocial aspect. Education, 31, 34-42.
Griffiths, M. D., & Mamun, M. A. (2020). Covid-19 suicidal behavior among couples and suicide pacts: Case study evidence from press reports. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113105.
Haktanir, A., Seki, T., & Dilmac¸, B. (2020). Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of Covid-19 scale. Death Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026.
Harper, C.A., Satchell, L.P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R.D. (2020). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5.
Kawohl, W., and Nordt, C. (2020). Covid-19, unemployment, and suicide. Lancet Psych. 7, 389–390.
Li, L. Z., and Wang, S. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during Covid-19 in the United Kingdom. Psych. Res. 291, 0165–1781.
Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First Covid-19 -19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of Covid-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
McGrath, P. (2004). The burden of RA positive: Survivors’ and hospice patients’ reflection on maintaining a positive attitude to serious illness. Support Care Cancer,12, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-003-0547-4.
McCarthy, J. (2020). U.S. Coronavirus Concerns Surge, Government Trust Slides.https://news.gallup.com/poll/295505/coronavirus-worries-surge.aspx.
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the corona virus (Covid-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
Naragon, K., & Watson, D. (2009). In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), The encyclopedia of positive psychology (pp. 707–711). Malden: Wiley Blackwell.
Ornell, F, Schuch, J.B., Sordi, A.O., & Paim Kessler, F. H. (2020). Pandemic fear’ and Covid-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Revista brasileiradepsiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999), 42(3), 232–235.
Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of Covid-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58–63.
Sakib, N., Bhuiyan, A. I., Hossain, S., A, Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Abdullah, A. H., & Sikder, M. T. (2020). Psychometric validation of the Bangla fear of Covid-19 scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x.
Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020a). Adaptation of the fear of Covid-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S.A., & Griffiths, M.D. (2020b). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of Covid-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0.
Shariatmadar, A, and Ghaseminiai, F (2021). The role of person-media interaction in the context of death news on perceived stress and coping with it during the quarantine of coronary heart disease. health Psychology. 10, (1) 21-44.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1993). On the power of positive thinking: The benefits of being optimistic. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(1), 26–30.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
Sorokowski, P., Groyecka, A., Kowal, M., Sorokowska, A., Białek, M., Lebuda, I., Zdybek, P., & Karwowski, M. (2020). Information about pandemic increases negative attitudes toward foreign groups: a case of Covid-19 outbreak. Sustainability, 12 (12), 4912.
Taylor, B. (2006). Vaccines and the changing epidemiology of autism. Child Care and Health Development, 32, 11–19.
Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of the Covid-19 stress scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232.
Tso, I.F., & Park, S. (2020). Alarming levels of psychiatric symptoms and the role of loneliness duringthe Covid-19 epidemic: A case study of Hong Kong. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113423.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 corona virus disease (Covid-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17(5).
Weir, K. (2020). Grief and Covid-19: Mourning our by gone lives. Washington: American Psychological Association.
World Health Organization (2020a). WHO Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) Dashboard Corona virus disease (Covid-19) outbreak. Retrieved fromhttps://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed November 28, 2020).
World Health Organization (2020b). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19-18 March 2020. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/whodirector-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19%2D%2D-18-march-2020 (Accessed 12 April 2020).
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., (2020) A novel corona virus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 727–733.