Mohammad Ali Besharat; Fariba Zarani; Golnaz Mazaheri Nejad Fard; Gholamreza Sarrami foroushani; Maryam Haji SeyedSadeghi
Abstract
Objective: Given the importance of screening as one of the health behaviors in cervical cancer, this study aims to develop and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior Scale (CCSBS).Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 376 women referred to Javaheri Health ...
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Objective: Given the importance of screening as one of the health behaviors in cervical cancer, this study aims to develop and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior Scale (CCSBS).Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 376 women referred to Javaheri Health Center during the study period were selected through convenience sampling. Then, the scale was developed, and its content and face validities were examined. To ensure divergent and convergent validity, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used. The internal consistency method (Cronbach's alpha) was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of the CCSBS, and SPSS and LISREL software were applied to analyze the data.Results: The findings of this study provided strong support, which confirmed the content and face validities. Regarding the convergent and divergent validity, perceived vulnerability, perceived severity and deterioration, and perceived barriers have a direct and significant relationship with the three variables of depression, anxiety, and stress. On the other hand, perceived motivation had a significant inverse correlation with all three variables of depression, anxiety, and stress. Additionally, perceived self-efficacy had a significant inverse correlation with depression. The results of Cronbach's alpha indicated the appropriate internal consistency of the whole questionnaire and its components. Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.78. According to confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness of fit indicators of the proposed model was confirmed and the paths were significant.Conclusion: CCSBS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the screening behavior of cervical cancer in Iranian women and it appears to be a comprehensive and useful tool for assessing women's beliefs related to cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening.
Marzieh Pahlevan; Mohammad Ali Besharat; Ahmad Borjali; Morteza Naghipoor
Abstract
Objective: Both of the defense mechanisms of ego and depression, affects the intensity of the pain in the patient with chronic pain. The present study investigates the mediating role of depression in the relationship between immature ego defenses and perceived pain intensity in patients with chronic ...
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Objective: Both of the defense mechanisms of ego and depression, affects the intensity of the pain in the patient with chronic pain. The present study investigates the mediating role of depression in the relationship between immature ego defenses and perceived pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. Method: Research was conducted on 503 patients with chronic pain who were referred to pain centers in Tehran. Participants were asked to answer Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for perceived pain intensity, Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). Results: The results indicated that depression plays a mediating role in the relationship between immature ego defenses and perceived pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. Conclusion: the relationship between immature ego defenses and the perceived pain intensity is not a simple linear one, but is mediated by depression. So, depression has an important role in Transforming of defense mechanisms to the pain.
